Zvinoenderana neyakagadzika, infrared sensors inogona kukamurwa kuita thermal sensors uye photon sensors.

Thermal sensor

Iyo yekupisa detector inoshandisa iyo yekuona chinhu kutora infrared radiation kuti ibudise kukwira kwekushisa, uyezve ichiperekedzwa nekuchinja mune zvimwe zvinhu zvemuviri. Kuyera shanduko mune izvi zvimiro zvemuviri zvinogona kuyera simba kana simba rinotora. Maitiro chaiwo ndeaya anotevera: Danho rekutanga kutora mwaranzi ye infrared ne detector yekupisa kukonzeresa kukwira kwekushisa; danho rechipiri kushandisa mamwe tembiricha mhedzisiro ye thermal detector kushandura kukwira kwekushisa kuita shanduko mumagetsi. Kune mhando ina dzekuchinja kwemidziyo yepanyama inowanzoshandiswa: thermistor type, thermocouple type, pyroelectric type, uye Gaolai pneumatic type.

# Thermistor mhando

Mushure mekunge zvinhu zvinopisa zvinopisa zvinotora infrared radiation, tembiricha inokwira uye kukosha kwekupikisa kunoshanduka. Hukuru hwekuramba shanduko inoenzana neyakatorwa infrared radiation simba. Infrared detectors inogadzirwa nekushandura kuramba mushure mekunge chinhu chatora infrared radiation inonzi thermistors. Thermistors inowanzoshandiswa kuyera kupisa kwemwaranzi. Kune marudzi maviri e thermistors: simbi uye semiconductor.

R(T)=AT−CeD/T

R (T): kupikisa kukosha; T: temperature; A, C, D: zvigadziriso zvinosiyana nezvinhu.

Iyo metal thermistor ine yakanaka tembiricha coefficient yekupikisa, uye kukosha kwayo kwakakwana kudiki pane iyo semiconductor. Hukama huripo pakati pekupokana uye tembiricha hwakanyanya mutsara, uye ine yakasimba yekupisa tembiricha kuramba. Inonyanya kushandiswa kuyera tembiricha simulation kuyerwa;

Semiconductor thermistors inongopesana, inoshandiswa pakuonekwa nemwaranzi, senge maaramu, masisitimu ekudzivirira moto, nekutsvaga nekutsvaga radiator.

# Thermocouple mhando

Thermocouple, inonziwo thermocouple, ndiyo yekutanga thermoelectric yekuona mudziyo, uye musimboti wayo wekushanda ndeye pyroelectric effect. Nhanho inoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana-siyana zve conductor zvinogona kuburitsa simba remagetsi pajunction. Kuguma kwe thermocouple inogamuchira mwaranzi inonzi inopisa kupera, uye imwe magumo inonzi inotonhora kupera. Iyo inonzi thermoelectric effect, ndiko kuti, kana izvi zviviri zvakasiyana-siyana conductor zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa mu loop, apo kutonhora pamajoini maviri kwakasiyana, ikozvino inogadzirwa muchiuno.

Kuti uvandudze coefficient yekunyura, nhema yegoridhe foil inoiswa pamugumo unopisa kuti iite zvinhu zve thermocouple, inogona kuva simbi kana semiconductor. Chimiro chacho chinogona kunge chiri mutsara kana chiumbwa-chakaita mutsara, kana firimu rakatetepa rakagadzirwa nevacuum deposition tekinoroji kana photolithography tekinoroji. Entity type thermocouples anonyanya kushandiswa kuyera tembiricha, uye nhete-firimu mhando thermocouples (inosanganisira akawanda thermocouples munhevedzano) anonyanya kushandiswa kuyera radiation.

Iyo nguva yenguva ye thermocouple type infrared detector yakakura, saka nguva yekupindura yakati rebei, uye maitiro ekuchinja ane hurombo. Kuwanda kwekuchinja kwemwaranzi kudivi rekuchamhembe kunofanirwa kunge kuri pasi pe10HZ. Mumashandisirwo anoshanda, akati wandei thermocouples anowanzo akabatana munhevedzano kuti agadzire thermopile kuona kusimba kweiyo infrared radiation.

# Pyroelectric mhando

Pyroelectric infrared detectors inogadzirwa nepyroelectric crystals kana "ferroelectrics" ine polarization. Pyroelectric crystal imhando yepiezoelectric crystal, iyo ine isina-centrosymmetric chimiro. Mumamiriro echisikigo, nzvimbo dzakanaka uye dzisina kunaka dzekuchaja hadzienderane mune dzimwe nzira, uye imwe chiyero chepolarized charges inoumbwa pamusoro pekristaro, iyo inonzi spontaneous polarization. Kana tembiricha yekristaro ichichinja, inogona kukonzera pakati peiyo yakanaka uye yakaipa mhosva dzekristaro kuchinja, saka iyo polarization charge pamusoro pepamusoro inoshanduka zvinoenderana. Kazhinji pamusoro payo inotora machaji anoyangarara mumhepo uye inochengetedza magetsi equilibrium state. Kana iyo nzvimbo ye ferroelectric iri mumagetsi ekuenzanisa, apo mashizha e-infrared anovhenekera pamusoro payo, kutonhora kweferroelectric (shiti) kunokwira nokukurumidza, simba repolarization rinodonha nokukurumidza, uye mutero wakasungwa unoderera zvakanyanya; nepo iyo inoyangarara charge pamusoro pepamusoro inochinja zvishoma nezvishoma. Iko hakuna shanduko mukati me ferroelectric body.

Munguva pfupi pfupi kubva pakuchinja kwesimba repolarization kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwekushisa kune yemagetsi equilibrium mamiriro pamusoro zvakare, yakawandisa inoyangarara charges inoonekwa pamusoro peiyo ferroelectric, iyo yakaenzana nekuburitsa chikamu chechaji. Ichi chiitiko chinonzi pyroelectric effect. Sezvo zvichitora nguva yakareba kuti mubhadharo wemahara ugadzirise iyo yakasungwa charge pamusoro pepamusoro, zvinotora anopfuura masekonzi mashoma, uye nguva yekuzorora yekuzviitira polarization yekristaro ipfupi kwazvo, anenge 10-12 masekondi, saka iyo pyroelectric crystal inogona kupindura nekukurumidza kuchinja kwekushisa.

# Gaolai pneumatic mhando

Kana iyo gasi inotora infrared radiation pasi pemamiriro ekuchengetedza imwe vhoriyamu, tembiricha inowedzera uye kudzvanywa kunowedzera. Hukuru hwekuwedzera kwekumanikidza kwakaenzana kune yakanyudzwa infrared radiation simba, saka iyo yakatorwa infrared radiation simba inogona kuyerwa. Infrared detectors yakagadzirwa nemisimboti iri pamusoro inonzi gasi detectors, uye iyo Gao Lai chubhu ndiyo yakajairika gasi detector.

Photon sensor

Photon infrared detectors inoshandisa zvimwe semiconductor zvinhu kugadzira photoelectric mhedzisiro pasi pekuvhenekesa kweiyo infrared radiation kuti ichinje magetsi ezvigadzirwa. Nekuyera shanduko mumagetsi emagetsi, kusimba kweiyo infrared radiation inogona kutsanangurwa. Iyo infrared detectors yakagadzirwa nephotoelectric effect inoungana inonzi photon detectors. Iwo maficha akanyanya kunzwisiswa, kukurumidza kupindura kumhanya uye yakakwirira mhinduro frequency. Asi kazhinji inoda kushanda kune tembiricha yakaderera, uye bhendi rekuona rakatetepa.

Zvinoenderana neanoshanda musimboti weiyo photon detector, inogona kazhinji kukamurwa kuita yekunze photodetector uye yemukati photodetector. Yemukati mafotodetectors akakamurwa kuita mafotoconductive detectors, photovoltaic detectors uye photomagnetoelectric detectors.

# Yekunze photodetector (PE mudziyo)

Kana chiedza chikaitika pamusoro pezvimwe simbi, metal oxides kana semiconductors, kana photon simba rakakura zvakakwana, pamusoro anogona emit maerekitironi. Ichi chiitiko chinodaidzwa pamwe chete kuti photoelectron emission, inova yekunze photoelectric effect. Phototubes uye photomultiplier machubhu ndeemhando iyi yephoton detector. Iyo yekupindura kumhanya inokurumidza, uye panguva imwecheteyo, iyo photomultiplier chubhu chigadzirwa ine yakakwira pfuma, iyo inogona kushandiswa kuyera imwe chete photon kuyerwa, asi wavelength renji idiki, uye iyo yakareba ingori 1700nm chete.

# Photoconductive detector

Kana semiconductor inotora chiitiko photons, mamwe maerekitironi nemakomba ari semiconductor anoshanduka kubva kune isiri-conductive state kuenda kune yakasununguka mamiriro anogona kuitisa magetsi, nokudaro achiwedzera conductivity ye semiconductor. Ichi chiitiko chinonzi photoconductivity effect. Infrared detectors yakagadzirwa nephotoconductive effect ye semiconductors inonzi photoconductive detectors. Parizvino, ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mhando yephoton detector.

# Photovoltaic detector (PU mudziyo)

Kana infrared radiation ichivhenekerwa paPN junction yemamwe semiconductor zvinhu zvimiro, pasi pekuita kwendima yemagetsi muPN junction, maerekitironi emahara ari munzvimbo yeP anoenda kunzvimbo yeN, uye maburi ari munzvimbo yeN anoenda kunzvimbo. P nzvimbo. Kana iyo PN junction yakavhurika, imwezve magetsi ekuwedzera inogadzirwa kumigumo yese yePN junction inonzi photo electromotive force. Detector akagadzirwa nekushandisa iyo foto electromotive force effect anonzi photovoltaic detectors kana junction infrared detectors.

# Optical magnetoelectric detector

A magnetic field inoshandiswa nechemberi kune muenzaniso. Kana iyo semiconductor surface inotora photons, maerekitironi nemakomba anogadzirwa zvinopararira mumuviri. Munguva yekuparadzira, maerekitironi nemaburi zvinodzikiswa kumagumo ese emuenzaniso nekuda kwekuita kweiyo lateral magnetic field. Pane mutsauko unokwanisa pakati pemigumo miviri. Ichi chiitiko chinonzi opto-magnetoelectric effect. Detector akagadzirwa nephoto-magnetoelectric effect anonzi photo-magneto-electric detectors (anonzi maPEM madivayiri).